{"id":58,"date":"2026-06-13T16:42:59","date_gmt":"2026-06-13T08:42:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/?p=58"},"modified":"2026-06-13T16:42:59","modified_gmt":"2026-06-13T08:42:59","slug":"python3-%e9%9b%86%e5%90%88","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/2026\/06\/13\/python3-%e9%9b%86%e5%90%88\/","title":{"rendered":"Python3 \u96c6\u5408"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728 Python 3 \u4e2d\uff0c<strong>\u96c6\u5408 (Set)<\/strong> \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6781\u5176\u5f3a\u5927\u4e14\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u5185\u7f6e\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5b83\u57fa\u4e8e\u6570\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u8bba\u6982\u5ff5\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff0c\u4e3b\u8981\u7528\u4e8e\u5b58\u50a8<strong>\u65e0\u5e8f<\/strong>\u4e14<strong>\u552f\u4e00<\/strong>\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u96c6\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u867d\u7136\u5728\u65e5\u5e38\u5f00\u53d1\u4e2d\uff0c\u5217\u8868\u548c\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u9891\u7387\u66f4\u9ad8\uff0c\u4f46\u96c6\u5408\u5728<strong>\u6570\u636e\u53bb\u91cd<\/strong>\u3001<strong>\u6210\u5458\u8d44\u683c\u5feb\u901f\u68c0\u67e5<\/strong>\u4ee5\u53ca<strong>\u6267\u884c\u6570\u5b66\u96c6\u5408\u8fd0\u7b97<\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u4ea4\u96c6\u3001\u5e76\u96c6\u3001\u5dee\u96c6\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u52bf\u548c\u4ee3\u7801\u7b80\u6d01\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u5bf9 Python 3 \u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5168\u9762\u3001\u6df1\u5ea6\u89e3\u6790\uff0c\u6db5\u76d6\u4ece\u57fa\u7840\u8bed\u6cd5\u3001\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7279\u6027\u3001\u5e95\u5c42\u539f\u7406\u5230\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6307\u5357\u3002\uff08\u672c\u6587\u7bc7\u5e45\u8f83\u957f\uff0c\u65e8\u5728\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e00\u4efd\u53ef\u4f5c\u4e3a\u751f\u4ea7\u73af\u5883\u53c2\u8003\u624b\u518c\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u6307\u5357\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e00\u3001 \u96c6\u5408\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u6027<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728\u6df1\u5165\u8bed\u6cd5\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u7262\u8bb0\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u56db\u4e2a\u6838\u5fc3\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5b83\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u573a\u666f\u548c\u9650\u5236\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u552f\u4e00\u6027 (Uniqueness)<\/strong>\uff1a\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u80fd\u91cd\u590d\u3002\u5982\u679c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6dfb\u52a0\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u96c6\u5408\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5ffd\u7565\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u65e0\u5e8f\u6027 (Unordered)<\/strong>\uff1a\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u6ca1\u6709\u56fa\u5b9a\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u3002\u4f60\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u7d22\u5f15\uff08\u5982 <code>s[0]<\/code>\uff09\u6765\u8bbf\u95ee\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u6bcf\u6b21\u6253\u5370\u96c6\u5408\u65f6\uff0c\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u663e\u793a\u987a\u5e8f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u540c\uff08\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u54c8\u5e0c\u503c\u548c\u5185\u5b58\u5e03\u5c40\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u53ef\u53d8\u6027 (Mutable)<\/strong>\uff1a\u6807\u51c6\u7684 <code>set<\/code> \u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u4f60\u53ef\u4ee5\u52a8\u6001\u5730\u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u5220\u9664\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5143\u7d20\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u53ef\u54c8\u5e0c\u7684 (Hashable)<\/strong>\uff1a\u96c6\u5408\u5e95\u5c42\u57fa\u4e8e\u54c8\u5e0c\u8868\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u52a0\u5165\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u4e14\u53ef\u54c8\u5e0c\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u5982\u6574\u6570\u3001\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u3001\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3001\u5143\u7ec4\uff09\u3002<strong>\u5217\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u96c6\u5408\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5143\u7d20<\/strong>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>(\u6ce8\uff1aPython \u8fd8\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86 <code>frozenset<\/code>\uff0c\u5b83\u662f\u96c6\u5408\u7684<strong>\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8<\/strong>\u7248\u672c\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u952e\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e8c\u3001 \u96c6\u5408\u7684\u521b\u5efa\u4e0e\u521d\u59cb\u5316<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u5b57\u9762\u91cf\u521b\u5efa (\u6700\u5e38\u7528)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f7f\u7528\u82b1\u62ec\u53f7 <code>{}<\/code> \u5c06\u5143\u7d20\u62ec\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u5143\u7d20\u4e4b\u95f4\u7528\u9017\u53f7\u5206\u9694\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\"># \u5305\u542b\u591a\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u96c6\u5408 (\u81ea\u52a8\u53bb\u91cd)\nfruits = {&quot;apple&quot;, &quot;banana&quot;, &quot;cherry&quot;, &quot;apple&quot;}\nprint(fruits)  # \u8f93\u51fa\u7c7b\u4f3c: {&#039;cherry&#039;, &#039;apple&#039;, &#039;banana&#039;} (\u987a\u5e8f\u4e0d\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e14\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a &#039;apple&#039;)\n\n# \u6df7\u5408\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u96c6\u5408\nmixed_set = {1, 3.14, &quot;hello&quot;, (1, 2)}<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u26a0\ufe0f \u6838\u5fc3\u907f\u5751\uff1a\u7a7a\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u521b\u5efa<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8fd9\u662f Python \u4e2d\u6700\u7ecf\u5178\u7684\u9677\u9631\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<strong>\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f7f\u7528 <code>{}<\/code> \u6765\u521b\u5efa\u7a7a\u96c6\u5408<\/strong>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a <code>{}<\/code> \u5728 Python \u4e2d\u88ab\u4fdd\u7559\u7528\u4e8e\u521b\u5efa<strong>\u7a7a\u5b57\u5178<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">empty_dict = {}\nprint(type(empty_dict))  # &lt;class &#039;dict&#039;&gt;\n\n# \u2705 \u6b63\u786e\u505a\u6cd5\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528 set() \u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570\u521b\u5efa\u7a7a\u96c6\u5408\nempty_set = set()\nprint(type(empty_set))   # &lt;class &#039;set&#039;&gt;<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u4f7f\u7528 <code>set()<\/code> \u6784\u9020\u51fd\u6570<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><code>set()<\/code> \u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7\u4efb\u4f55<strong>\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61 (Iterable)<\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3001\u5217\u8868\u3001\u5143\u7ec4\u3001\u5b57\u5178\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5176\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u8fd9\u662f<strong>\u6570\u636e\u53bb\u91cd<\/strong>\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u624b\u6bb5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>8<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>13<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\"># \u4ece\u5217\u8868\u53bb\u91cd\nmy_list = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4]\nunique_set = set(my_list)\nprint(unique_set)  # {1, 2, 3, 4}\n\n# \u4ece\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u63d0\u53d6\u552f\u4e00\u5b57\u7b26\nchars = set(&quot;programming&quot;)\nprint(chars)  # {&#039;p&#039;, &#039;r&#039;, &#039;o&#039;, &#039;g&#039;, &#039;a&#039;, &#039;m&#039;, &#039;i&#039;, &#039;n&#039;}\n\n# \u4ece\u5b57\u5178\u8f6c\u6362 (\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u53ea\u63d0\u53d6\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u952e\uff0c\u5ffd\u7565\u503c)\nmy_dict = {&quot;a&quot;: 1, &quot;b&quot;: 2, &quot;c&quot;: 1}\nkeys_set = set(my_dict)\nprint(keys_set)  # {&#039;a&#039;, &#039;b&#039;, &#039;c&#039;}<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \u96c6\u5408\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f (Set Comprehension) \ud83c\udf1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e0e\u5217\u8868\u548c\u5b57\u5178\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u96c6\u5408\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u79cd\u7b80\u6d01\u3001\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6765\u751f\u6210\u65b0\u96c6\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>8<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\"># \u57fa\u7840\u7528\u6cd5\uff1a\u751f\u6210 0-9 \u4e2d\u5076\u6570\u7684\u5e73\u65b9\u96c6\u5408\neven_squares = {x**2 for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0}\nprint(even_squares)  # {0, 4, 16, 36, 64}\n\n# \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u5904\u7406\uff1a\u63d0\u53d6\u6240\u6709\u5143\u97f3\u5b57\u6bcd\u5e76\u8f6c\u4e3a\u5927\u5199\ntext = &quot;hello world&quot;\nvowels = {char.upper() for char in text if char in &quot;aeiou&quot;}\nprint(vowels)  # {&#039;E&#039;, &#039;O&#039;}<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e09\u3001 \u96c6\u5408\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u64cd\u4f5c (\u589e\u3001\u5220\u3001\u67e5)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7531\u4e8e\u96c6\u5408\u662f\u65e0\u5e8f\u7684\uff0c\u5b83<strong>\u4e0d\u652f\u6301<\/strong>\u7d22\u5f15\u8bbf\u95ee\u3001\u5207\u7247\u6216\u4fee\u6539\u7279\u5b9a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u5b83\u53ea\u652f\u6301\u6574\u4f53\u7684\u6dfb\u52a0\u3001\u5220\u9664\u548c\u6210\u5458\u68c0\u67e5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u589e\u52a0\u5143\u7d20 (Add)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>s.add(x)<\/code>: \u5c06\u5143\u7d20 <code>x<\/code> \u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u3002\u5982\u679c <code>x<\/code> \u5df2\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5219\u4e0d\u6267\u884c\u4efb\u4f55\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6 $O(1)$\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>s.update(iterable)<\/code>: \u5c06\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u3002\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e\u5c31\u5730\u6267\u884c\u5e76\u96c6\u64cd\u4f5c\u3002\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6 $O(K)$\uff0cK \u4e3a\u65b0\u589e\u5143\u7d20\u4e2a\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>8<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>13<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">s = {1, 2, 3}\n\ns.add(4)\nprint(s)  # {1, 2, 3, 4}\n\ns.add(2)  # 2 \u5df2\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u96c6\u5408\u4e0d\u53d8\nprint(s)  # {1, 2, 3, 4}\n\ns.update([3, 4, 5, 6])  # \u4f20\u5165\u5217\u8868\nprint(s)  # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}\n\ns.update(&quot;abc&quot;)  # \u4f20\u5165\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u4f1a\u88ab\u62c6\u5206\u4e3a\u5355\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\nprint(s)  # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, &#039;a&#039;, &#039;b&#039;, &#039;c&#039;}<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u5220\u9664\u5143\u7d20 (Remove)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96c6\u5408\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u591a\u79cd\u5220\u9664\u65b9\u5f0f\uff0c\u9700\u6839\u636e\u662f\u5426\u9700\u8981\u5904\u7406\u201c\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u6765\u9009\u62e9\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>s.remove(x)<\/code>: \u79fb\u9664\u5143\u7d20 <code>x<\/code>\u3002\u5982\u679c <code>x<\/code> \u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c<strong>\u629b\u51fa <code>KeyError<\/code><\/strong>\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>s.discard(x)<\/code>: \u79fb\u9664\u5143\u7d20 <code>x<\/code>\u3002\u5982\u679c <code>x<\/code> \u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c<strong>\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u505a\uff0c\u4e0d\u62a5\u9519<\/strong>\u3002\uff08<strong>\u6700\u63a8\u8350\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u5220\u9664\u65b9\u5f0f<\/strong>\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>s.pop()<\/code>: \u79fb\u9664\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u7684<strong>\u4efb\u610f\u4e00\u4e2a<\/strong>\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u5982\u679c\u96c6\u5408\u4e3a\u7a7a\uff0c\u629b\u51fa <code>KeyError<\/code>\u3002<em>(\u6ce8\uff1a\u7531\u4e8e\u96c6\u5408\u65e0\u5e8f\uff0c\u5f39\u51fa\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u770b\u4f3c\u968f\u673a\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u54c8\u5e0c\u8868\u5e95\u5c42\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20)<\/em>\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><code>s.clear()<\/code>: \u6e05\u7a7a\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>8<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>13<\/span><span>14<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">s = {10, 20, 30}\n\n# discard (\u5b89\u5168)\ns.discard(20)\nprint(s)  # {10, 30}\ns.discard(99)  # \u4e0d\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\n\n# remove (\u4e0d\u5b89\u5168\uff0c\u9700\u914d\u5408 try-except \u6216 in \u68c0\u67e5)\n# s.remove(99)  # KeyError: 99\n\n# pop (\u968f\u673a\u5f39\u51fa)\npopped = s.pop()  \nprint(popped)  # 10 \u6216 30\nprint(s)       # \u5269\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u67e5\u627e\u5143\u7d20 (Search)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><code>x in s<\/code> \/ <code>x not in s<\/code>: \u68c0\u67e5\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u96c6\u5408\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u96c6\u5408<strong>\u6700\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u4f18\u52bf<\/strong>\uff0c\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u4e3a <strong>$O(1)$<\/strong>\uff0c\u8fdc\u5feb\u4e8e\u5217\u8868\u7684 $O(N)$\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">valid_users = {&quot;alice&quot;, &quot;bob&quot;, &quot;charlie&quot;}\n\n# \u2705 \u63a8\u8350\uff1a\u6781\u901f\u7684\u6210\u5458\u68c0\u67e5\nif &quot;bob&quot; in valid_users:\n    print(&quot;Access granted&quot;)<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u56db\u3001 \u96c6\u5408\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u8fd0\u7b97 (\u6838\u5fc3\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f) \ud83c\udf1f<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96c6\u5408\u6700\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u529f\u80fd\u5728\u4e8e\u652f\u6301\u6807\u51c6\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u96c6\u5408\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002Python \u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86<strong>\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/strong>\u548c<strong>\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong>\u4e24\u79cd\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u26a0\ufe0f \u5173\u952e\u533a\u522b<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26<\/strong> (<code>|<\/code>, <code>&amp;<\/code>, <code>-<\/code>, <code>^<\/code>)\uff1a\u8981\u6c42<strong>\u4e24\u8fb9\u90fd\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u96c6\u5408\u7c7b\u578b<\/strong>\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u65b9\u6cd5<\/strong> (<code>union()<\/code>, <code>intersection()<\/code>, <code>difference()<\/code>, <code>symmetric_difference()<\/code>)\uff1a\u53ef\u4ee5\u63a5\u53d7<strong>\u4efb\u4f55\u53ef\u8fed\u4ee3\u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u5217\u8868\u3001\u5143\u7ec4\uff09\uff0c\u65b9\u6cd5\u5185\u90e8\u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u5c06\u5176\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u96c6\u5408\u518d\u8fdb\u884c\u8fd0\u7b97\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5047\u8bbe\u6709\u4e24\u4e2a\u96c6\u5408\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}\nB = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u5e76\u96c6 (Union)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5305\u542b A \u548c B \u4e2d\u7684\u6240\u6709\u552f\u4e00\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">print(A | B)               # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} (\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26)\nprint(A.union(B))          # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} (\u65b9\u6cd5)\nprint(A.union([6, 7, 8]))  # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} (\u65b9\u6cd5\u53ef\u63a5\u53d7\u5217\u8868)\n\n# \u5c31\u5730\u66f4\u65b0 (\u76f8\u5f53\u4e8e A = A | B)\nA |= B  <\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u4ea4\u96c6 (Intersection)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ec5\u5305\u542b\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e A \u548c B \u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">print(A &amp; B)                     # {4, 5}\nprint(A.intersection(B))         # {4, 5}\nprint(A.intersection([4, 5, 9])) # {4, 5}\n\n# \u5c31\u5730\u66f4\u65b0\nA &amp;= B<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u5dee\u96c6 (Difference)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5305\u542b\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e A \u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46<strong>\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e<\/strong> B \u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002<strong>\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u5dee\u96c6\u662f\u6709\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u7684\uff0c<code>A - B<\/code> \u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e <code>B - A<\/code><\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">print(A - B)               # {1, 2, 3} (\u5728 A \u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728 B \u4e2d)\nprint(B - A)               # {6, 7, 8} (\u5728 B \u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u5728 A \u4e2d)\nprint(A.difference(B))     # {1, 2, 3}\n\n# \u5c31\u5730\u66f4\u65b0\nA -= B<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \u5bf9\u79f0\u5dee\u96c6 (Symmetric Difference)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5305\u542b\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e A \u6216 B \u4e2d\uff0c\u4f46<strong>\u4e0d\u540c\u65f6\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e<\/strong>\u4e24\u8005\u4e2d\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff08\u5373\u5e76\u96c6\u51cf\u53bb\u4ea4\u96c6\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">print(A ^ B)                        # {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8}\nprint(A.symmetric_difference(B))    # {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8}\n\n# \u5c31\u5730\u66f4\u65b0\nA ^= B<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. \u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a\u627e\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u7684\u5dee\u5f02<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>8<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>13<\/span><span>14<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">file1_lines = {&quot;import os&quot;, &quot;def main():&quot;, &quot;print(&#039;Hello&#039;)&quot;, &quot;x = 1&quot;}\nfile2_lines = {&quot;import sys&quot;, &quot;def main():&quot;, &quot;print(&#039;Hello&#039;)&quot;, &quot;y = 2&quot;}\n\n# \u627e\u51fa file1 \u4e2d\u6709\u4f46 file2 \u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\u884c (\u88ab\u5220\u9664\u7684\u4ee3\u7801)\ndeleted = file1_lines - file2_lines\nprint(&quot;Deleted:&quot;, deleted)  # {&#039;x = 1&#039;, &#039;import os&#039;}\n\n# \u627e\u51fa file2 \u4e2d\u6709\u4f46 file1 \u4e2d\u6ca1\u6709\u7684\u884c (\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u4ee3\u7801)\nadded = file2_lines - file1_lines\nprint(&quot;Added:&quot;, added)      # {&#039;y = 2&#039;, &#039;import sys&#039;}\n\n# \u627e\u51fa\u4e24\u4e2a\u6587\u4ef6\u5b8c\u5168\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u884c (\u5bf9\u79f0\u5dee\u96c6)\nchanged = file1_lines ^ file2_lines\nprint(&quot;Changed lines:&quot;, changed) # {&#039;x = 1&#039;, &#039;import os&#039;, &#039;y = 2&#039;, &#039;import sys&#039;}<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212; \u201cis a good separator\u201d &#8212;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e94\u3001 \u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6d4b\u8bd5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u9664\u4e86\u5143\u7d20\u7ea7\u522b\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\uff0c\u96c6\u5408\u8fd8\u652f\u6301\u96c6\u5408\u4e0e\u96c6\u5408\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u5173\u7cfb\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u5e03\u5c14\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>8<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>13<\/span><span>14<\/span><span>15<\/span><span>16<\/span><span>17<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">A = {1, 2, 3}\nB = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}\nC = {4, 5}\n\n# 1. \u5b50\u96c6 (Subset): A \u7684\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u5426\u90fd\u5728 B \u4e2d\uff1f\nprint(A &lt;= B)                # True\nprint(A.issubset(B))         # True\nprint(A &lt; B)                 # True (\u771f\u5b50\u96c6\uff1aA \u662f B \u7684\u5b50\u96c6\u4e14 A != B)\n\n# 2. \u8d85\u96c6 (Superset): B \u662f\u5426\u5305\u542b A \u7684\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20\uff1f\nprint(B &gt;= A)                # True\nprint(B.issuperset(A))       # True\nprint(B &gt; A)                 # True (\u771f\u8d85\u96c6)\n\n# 3. \u4e0d\u76f8\u4ea4 (Disjoint): \u4e24\u4e2a\u96c6\u5408\u662f\u5426\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u5171\u540c\u5143\u7d20\uff1f\nprint(A.isdisjoint(C))       # True (A \u548c C \u6ca1\u6709\u4ea4\u96c6)\nprint(B.isdisjoint(C))       # False (B \u548c C \u6709\u4ea4\u96c6 {4, 5})<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u516d\u3001 \u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u539f\u7406\u4e0e\u6027\u80fd\u5206\u6790 (\u6df1\u5ea6\u89e3\u6790)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7406\u89e3\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u662f\u5199\u51fa\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd Python \u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u5fc5\u7ecf\u4e4b\u8def\u3002\u5728 CPython \u4e2d\uff0c<strong>\u96c6\u5408 (<code>set<\/code>) \u548c\u5b57\u5178 (<code>dict<\/code>) \u5171\u4eab\u51e0\u4e4e\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u54c8\u5e0c\u8868 (Hash Table)<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u67e5\u627e\u901f\u5ea6\u662f $O(1)$\uff1f<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f53\u4f60\u6267\u884c <code>x in my_set<\/code> \u65f6\uff0cPython \u4e0d\u4f1a\u50cf\u5217\u8868\u90a3\u6837\u4ece\u5934\u5230\u5c3e\u904d\u5386\uff08$O(N)$\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u7684\u6267\u884c\u6b65\u9aa4\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8c03\u7528 <code>hash(x)<\/code> \u8ba1\u7b97\u5143\u7d20 <code>x<\/code> \u7684\u54c8\u5e0c\u503c\uff08\u4e00\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5c06\u8be5\u54c8\u5e0c\u503c\u4e0e\u96c6\u5408\u5e95\u5c42\u6570\u7ec4\u7684\u5927\u5c0f\u8fdb\u884c\u6309\u4f4d\u4e0e\u8fd0\u7b97\uff08\u6216\u53d6\u6a21\uff09\uff0c\u76f4\u63a5\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a<strong>\u5185\u5b58\u7d22\u5f15<\/strong>\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8df3\u8f6c\u5230\u8be5\u7d22\u5f15\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u6bd4\u5bf9\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u5426\u4e0e <code>x<\/code> \u76f8\u7b49\uff08\u5904\u7406\u54c8\u5e0c\u51b2\u7a81\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5982\u679c\u76f8\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de <code>True<\/code>\uff1b\u5982\u679c\u8be5\u4f4d\u7f6e\u4e3a\u7a7a\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de <code>False<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7531\u4e8e\u76f4\u63a5\u901a\u8fc7\u6570\u5b66\u8ba1\u7b97\u5b9a\u4f4d\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\uff0c\u65e0\u8bba\u96c6\u5408\u6709 10 \u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u8fd8\u662f 1000 \u4e07\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u67e5\u627e\u65f6\u95f4\u51e0\u4e4e\u6052\u5b9a\uff0c\u5373 <strong>$O(1)$ \u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u96c6\u5408\u4e0e\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u5dee\u5f02<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u867d\u7136\u90fd\u57fa\u4e8e\u54c8\u5e0c\u8868\uff0c\u4f46\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u66f4\u7b80\u5355\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u5b57\u5178<\/strong>\u7684\u54c8\u5e0c\u8868\u69fd\u4f4d (Slot) \u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u662f\uff1a<code>(hash, key, value)<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u96c6\u5408<\/strong>\u7684\u54c8\u5e0c\u8868\u69fd\u4f4d\u5b58\u50a8\u7684\u662f\uff1a<code>(hash, key)<\/code>\u3002<strong>\u96c6\u5408\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ea\u6709 Key\u3001\u6ca1\u6709 Value \u7684\u5b57\u5178<\/strong>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u54c8\u5e0c\u51b2\u7a81\u4e0e\u5f00\u653e\u5bfb\u5740\u6cd5<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f53\u4e24\u4e2a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u8ba1\u7b97\u51fa\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u54c8\u5e0c\u7d22\u5f15\u65f6\uff08\u54c8\u5e0c\u51b2\u7a81\uff09\uff0cCPython \u4f7f\u7528<strong>\u5f00\u653e\u5bfb\u5740\u6cd5 (Open Addressing)<\/strong>\u3002\u5b83\u4f1a\u4f7f\u7528\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f2a\u968f\u673a\u63a2\u6d4b\u5e8f\u5217\uff08\u57fa\u4e8e\u54c8\u5e0c\u503c\u7684\u6270\u52a8\uff09\uff0c\u5728\u5e95\u5c42\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u5bfb\u627e\u4e0b\u4e00\u4e2a\u7a7a\u95f2\u7684\u69fd\u4f4d\u6765\u5b58\u50a8\u8be5\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6\u603b\u7ed3<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u64cd\u4f5c<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u5e73\u5747\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u6700\u574f\u60c5\u51b5\u65f6\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u5ea6<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u8bf4\u660e<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u6dfb\u52a0 <code>s.add(x)<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">$O(1)$<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">$O(N)$<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u5747\u644a $O(1)$\u3002\u5f53\u54c8\u5e0c\u8868\u8d1f\u8f7d\u56e0\u5b50\u8fc7\u9ad8\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u89e6\u53d1\u6269\u5bb9 (Resize)\uff0c\u9700\u91cd\u65b0\u54c8\u5e0c\u6240\u6709\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u6b64\u65f6\u4e3a $O(N)$\u3002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u5220\u9664 <code>s.remove(x)<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">$O(1)$<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">$O(N)$<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u5220\u9664\u65f6\u4f1a\u5728\u539f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u63d2\u5165\u4e00\u4e2a\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u201c\u54d1\u5143 (Dummy)\u201d\u6807\u8bb0\uff0c\u4ee5\u7ef4\u6301\u63a2\u6d4b\u5e8f\u5217\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u4e2d\u65ad\u540e\u7eed\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u67e5\u627e\u3002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u67e5\u627e <code>x in s<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\"><strong>$O(1)$<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">$O(N)$<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u6700\u5927\u4f18\u52bf<\/strong>\u3002\u6700\u574f\u60c5\u51b5\u53d1\u751f\u5728\u6781\u7aef\u54c8\u5e0c\u51b2\u7a81\u65f6\uff08\u6781\u7f55\u89c1\uff09\u3002<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u5e76\u96c6\/\u4ea4\u96c6 <code>s1 | s2<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">$O(len(s1) + len(s2))$<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u9700\u8981\u904d\u5386\u4e24\u4e2a\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u904d\u5386 <code>for x in s<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">$O(N)$<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">$O(N)$<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">N \u4e3a\u5e95\u5c42\u54c8\u5e0c\u8868\u7684\u5bb9\u91cf\uff08\u5305\u542b\u7a7a\u69fd\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5b9e\u9645\u5143\u7d20\u4e2a\u6570\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u7a00\u758f\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u904d\u5386\u4f1a\u6bd4\u7d27\u51d1\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u7a0d\u6162\u3002<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. \u5185\u5b58\u5360\u7528\u5206\u6790<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e3a\u4e86\u4fdd\u6301\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u54c8\u5e0c\u51b2\u7a81\u7387\uff08\u901a\u5e38\u8d1f\u8f7d\u56e0\u5b50\u4fdd\u6301\u5728 2\/3 \u4ee5\u4e0b\uff09\uff0c\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u6570\u7ec4\u5fc5\u987b\u9884\u7559\u5927\u91cf\u7a7a\u69fd\u4f4d\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c<strong>\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5360\u7528\u901a\u5e38\u8fdc\u5927\u4e8e\u5305\u542b\u76f8\u540c\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5217\u8868<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">import sys\n\nmy_list = list(range(1000))\nmy_set = set(range(1000))\n\nprint(sys.getsizeof(my_list))  # \u7ea6 8856 bytes\nprint(sys.getsizeof(my_set))   # \u7ea6 32768 bytes (\u5927\u7ea6\u662f\u5217\u8868\u7684 3-4 \u500d)<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>\u7ed3\u8bba<\/em>\uff1a\u96c6\u5408\u662f\u7528<strong>\u7a7a\u95f4\u6362\u53d6\u65f6\u95f4<\/strong>\u7684\u5178\u578b\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5f53\u5185\u5b58\u4e0d\u662f\u74f6\u9888\uff0c\u4e14\u9700\u8981\u9891\u7e41\u8fdb\u884c\u6210\u5458\u68c0\u67e5\u6216\u53bb\u91cd\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528\u96c6\u5408\u662f\u7edd\u5bf9\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u4e03\u3001 \u6838\u5fc3\u907f\u5751\u6307\u5357\u4e0e\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u9677\u9631\uff1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e0d\u53ef\u54c8\u5e0c (Unhashable) \u7684\u5bf9\u8c61<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96c6\u5408\u8981\u6c42\u5176\u5143\u7d20\u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u53ef\u54c8\u5e0c\u7684\u3002\u5217\u8868\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u3001\u96c6\u5408\u672c\u8eab\u90fd\u662f\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u53ef\u54c8\u5e0c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>8<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">s = {1, 2, 3}\n\n# \u274c \u9519\u8bef\uff1a\u5217\u8868\u4e0d\u53ef\u54c8\u5e0c\n# s.add([4, 5])  # TypeError: unhashable type: &#039;list&#039;\n\n# \u2705 \u6b63\u786e\uff1a\u5c06\u5217\u8868\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u5143\u7ec4 (\u5143\u7ec4\u662f\u53ef\u54c8\u5e0c\u7684)\ns.add((4, 5))\nprint(s)  # {1, 2, 3, (4, 5)}<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u9677\u9631\uff1a\u5728\u8fed\u4ee3\u96c6\u5408\u65f6\u4fee\u6539\u96c6\u5408<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e0e\u5b57\u5178\u7c7b\u4f3c\uff0c\u5728 <code>for<\/code> \u5faa\u73af\u904d\u5386\u96c6\u5408\u65f6\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6dfb\u52a0\u6216\u5220\u9664\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u4f1a\u6539\u53d8\u5e95\u5c42\u54c8\u5e0c\u8868\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4 <code>RuntimeError: Set changed size during iteration<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>8<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>13<\/span><span>14<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">s = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}\n\n# \u274c \u9519\u8bef\u505a\u6cd5\n# for item in s:\n#     if item % 2 == 0:\n#         s.remove(item)  # RuntimeError\n\n# \u2705 \u6b63\u786e\u505a\u6cd5 1\uff1a\u904d\u5386\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u5217\u8868\u526f\u672c\nfor item in list(s):\n    if item % 2 == 0:\n        s.remove(item)\n\n# \u2705 \u6b63\u786e\u505a\u6cd5 2\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u96c6\u5408\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u96c6\u5408 (\u66f4 Pythonic)\ns = {item for item in s if item % 2 != 0}<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u9677\u9631\uff1a\u8bef\u4ee5\u4e3a <code>pop()<\/code> \u662f LIFO \u6216 FIFO<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7531\u4e8e\u96c6\u5408\u65e0\u5e8f\uff0c<code>s.pop()<\/code> \u5f39\u51fa\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u201c\u4efb\u610f\u201d\u7684\uff08\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f\u54c8\u5e0c\u8868\u5e95\u5c42\u6570\u7ec4\u4e2d\u9047\u5230\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u6548\u5143\u7d20\uff09\u3002\u4e0d\u8981\u4f9d\u8d56 <code>pop()<\/code> \u6765\u83b7\u53d6\u201c\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u201d\u6216\u201c\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u201d\u52a0\u5165\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u5982\u679c\u9700\u8981\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u5f39\u51fa\uff0c\u8bf7\u4f7f\u7528 <code>list<\/code> \u6216 <code>collections.deque<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. <code>frozenset<\/code> \u7684\u5999\u7528\uff1a\u5d4c\u5957\u96c6\u5408\u4e0e\u5b57\u5178\u952e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u4e2a<strong>\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u96c6\u5408<\/strong>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 <code>frozenset<\/code>\u3002\u5b83\u652f\u6301\u6240\u6709\u975e\u4fee\u6539\u6027\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08\u5982\u4ea4\u96c6\u3001\u5e76\u96c6\u3001\u67e5\u627e\uff09\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd <code>add<\/code> \u6216 <code>remove<\/code>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>8<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>13<\/span><span>14<\/span><span>15<\/span><span>16<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\"># 1. \u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u952e (\u666e\u901a set \u4e0d\u884c)\nallowed_permissions = frozenset({&quot;read&quot;, &quot;write&quot;})\nrole_mapping = {\n    frozenset({&quot;read&quot;}): &quot;Guest&quot;,\n    frozenset({&quot;read&quot;, &quot;write&quot;}): &quot;Editor&quot;,\n    allowed_permissions: &quot;Admin&quot;\n}\nprint(role_mapping[allowed_permissions])  # Admin\n\n# 2. \u521b\u5efa\u201c\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u201d (\u666e\u901a set \u7684\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u80fd\u662f set)\nset_of_sets = {\n    frozenset({1, 2}),\n    frozenset({3, 4}),\n    frozenset({1, 2})  # \u81ea\u52a8\u53bb\u91cd\n}\nprint(set_of_sets)  # {frozenset({1, 2}), frozenset({3, 4})}<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. \u6027\u80fd\u4f18\u5316\uff1a\u5217\u8868\u8f6c\u96c6\u5408\u8fdb\u884c\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u67e5\u627e<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5305\u542b\u767e\u4e07\u7ea7\u6570\u636e\u7684\u5217\u8868\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u9891\u7e41\u68c0\u67e5\u67d0\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u5426\u5728\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c<strong>\u52a1\u5fc5\u5148\u5c06\u5176\u8f6c\u6362\u4e3a\u96c6\u5408<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>8<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>13<\/span><span>14<\/span><span>15<\/span><span>16<\/span><span>17<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">import time\n\n# \u6a21\u62df\u767e\u4e07\u7ea7\u6570\u636e\nbig_list = list(range(1000000))\nbig_set = set(big_list)\n\ntarget = 999999\n\n# \u274c \u5217\u8868\u67e5\u627e\uff1aO(N)\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u904d\u5386\u8fd1\u767e\u4e07\u6b21\nstart = time.time()\n_ = target in big_list\nprint(f&quot;List lookup time: {time.time() - start:.6f} seconds&quot;)  # \u7ea6 0.01-0.02 \u79d2\n\n# \u2705 \u96c6\u5408\u67e5\u627e\uff1aO(1)\uff0c\u77ac\u95f4\u5b8c\u6210\nstart = time.time()\n_ = target in big_set\nprint(f&quot;Set lookup time: {time.time() - start:.6f} seconds&quot;)   # \u7ea6 0.000001 \u79d2 (\u5feb\u4e0a\u4e07\u500d)<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u516b\u3001 \u603b\u7ed3<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Python 3 \u7684\u96c6\u5408 (<code>set<\/code>) \u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7cbe\u5999\u3001\u6027\u80fd\u5353\u8d8a\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u5b83\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u53bb\u91cd\u5de5\u5177\u201d\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u6267\u884c\u9ad8\u6548\u6210\u5458\u68c0\u67e5\u548c\u590d\u6742\u6570\u5b66\u96c6\u5408\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u5229\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u8bed\u6cd5\u5c42\u9762<\/strong>\uff1a\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u3001\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u8fd0\u7b97\u7b26 (<code>|<\/code>, <code>&amp;<\/code>, <code>-<\/code>, <code>^<\/code>) \u4ee5\u53ca\u5173\u7cfb\u6d4b\u8bd5\u65b9\u6cd5\uff0c\u4f7f\u5f97\u96c6\u5408\u64cd\u4f5c\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u6781\u5177\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\uff0c\u5b9b\u5982\u5728\u7f16\u5199\u6570\u5b66\u516c\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5e95\u5c42\u5c42\u9762<\/strong>\uff1a\u57fa\u4e8e\u9ad8\u5ea6\u4f18\u5316\u7684\u54c8\u5e0c\u8868\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u4ee5\u9002\u5ea6\u7684\u5185\u5b58\u5f00\u9500\u6362\u53d6\u4e86 $O(1)$ \u7684\u6781\u901f\u67e5\u627e\u548c\u63d2\u5165\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u5e94\u7528\u5c42\u9762<\/strong>\uff1a\u4ece\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u5217\u8868\u53bb\u91cd (<code>list(set(my_list))<\/code>)\uff0c\u5230\u590d\u6742\u7684\u6743\u9650\u6821\u9a8c\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5dee\u5f02\u6bd4\u5bf9\uff0c\u96c6\u5408\u90fd\u80fd\u63d0\u4f9b\u6700\u4f18\u96c5\u7684\u89e3\u51b3\u65b9\u6848\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u6838\u5fc3\u53e3\u8bc0<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u9700\u8981<strong>\u552f\u4e00\u6027<\/strong>\u548c<strong>\u5feb\u901f\u67e5\u627e<\/strong>\u65f6\uff0c\u9996\u9009 <code>set<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u9700\u8981<strong>\u4fdd\u6301\u987a\u5e8f<\/strong>\u6216<strong>\u901a\u8fc7\u7d22\u5f15\u8bbf\u95ee<\/strong>\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <code>list<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u9700\u8981<strong>\u952e\u503c\u6620\u5c04<\/strong>\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <code>dict<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u9700\u8981<strong>\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684\u96c6\u5408<\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u952e\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 <code>frozenset<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u719f\u7ec3\u638c\u63e1\u96c6\u5408\u7684\u7279\u6027\u548c\u5e95\u5c42\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u5c06\u6781\u5927\u63d0\u5347\u4f60\u7f16\u5199 Python \u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u6548\u7387\u3001\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u4f18\u96c5\u5ea6\u3002\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5bf9\u96c6\u5408\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u7b97\u6cd5\uff08\u5982\u5e7f\u5ea6\u4f18\u5148\u641c\u7d22 BFS \u4e2d\u7684 <code>visited<\/code> \u96c6\u5408\uff09\u6216\u5927\u89c4\u6a21\u6570\u636e\u5904\u7406\uff08\u5982 Pandas \u4e2d\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u64cd\u4f5c\uff09\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u6709\u7591\u95ee\uff0c\u6b22\u8fce\u968f\u65f6\u6df1\u5165\u63a2\u8ba8\uff01<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5728 Python 3 \u4e2d\uff0c\u96c6\u5408 (Set) \u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6781\u5176\u5f3a\u5927\u4e14&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-58","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-python-3-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/58","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=58"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/58\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":59,"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/58\/revisions\/59"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=58"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=58"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=58"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}