{"id":38,"date":"2026-06-13T16:14:25","date_gmt":"2026-06-13T08:14:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/?p=38"},"modified":"2026-06-13T16:14:25","modified_gmt":"2026-06-13T08:14:25","slug":"python3-%e5%9f%ba%e6%9c%ac%e6%95%b0%e6%8d%ae%e7%b1%bb%e5%9e%8b","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/2026\/06\/13\/python3-%e5%9f%ba%e6%9c%ac%e6%95%b0%e6%8d%ae%e7%b1%bb%e5%9e%8b\/","title":{"rendered":"Python3 \u57fa\u672c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728 Python 3 \u4e2d\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002Python \u7684\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3b\u8981\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u5927\u7c7b\uff1a<strong>\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7c7b\u578b<\/strong>\uff08Immutable\uff09\u548c<strong>\u53ef\u53d8\u7c7b\u578b<\/strong>\uff08Mutable\uff09\u3002\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e24\u8005\u7684\u533a\u522b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u638c\u63e1 Python \u7684\u5185\u5b58\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u51fd\u6570\u4f20\u53c2\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f Python 3 \u57fa\u672c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u89e3\u6790\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udccc \u6838\u5fc3\u5206\u7c7b\u901f\u89c8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u5177\u4f53\u7c7b\u578b<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u53ef\u53d8\u6027 (Mutable?)<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u8bf4\u660e<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u6570\u5b57 (Number)<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><code>int<\/code>, <code>float<\/code>, <code>complex<\/code>, <code>bool<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u274c \u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u6570\u5b66\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u57fa\u7840<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 (String)<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><code>str<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u274c \u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u6587\u672c\u6570\u636e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u5217\u8868 (List)<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><code>list<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u2705 \u53ef\u53d8<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u6700\u5e38\u7528<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u5143\u7ec4 (Tuple)<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><code>tuple<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u274c \u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u6709\u5e8f\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u56fa\u5b9a\u6570\u636e<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u5b57\u5178 (Dictionary)<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><code>dict<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u2705 \u53ef\u53d8<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u952e\u503c\u5bf9 (Key-Value) \u6620\u5c04\uff0cPython 3.7+ \u4fdd\u6301\u63d2\u5165\u987a\u5e8f<\/td><\/tr><tr><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><strong>\u96c6\u5408 (Set)<\/strong><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\"><code>set<\/code>, <code>frozenset<\/code><\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">\u2705 \u53ef\u53d8 \/ \u274c \u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8<\/td><td class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">\u65e0\u5e8f\u4e14\u5143\u7d20\u552f\u4e00\u7684\u96c6\u5408<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. \u6570\u5b57 (Numbers)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Python 3 \u4e2d\u7684\u6570\u5b57\u7c7b\u578b\u4e3b\u8981\u5305\u62ec\u6574\u6570\u3001\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u3001\u590d\u6570\u548c\u5e03\u5c14\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong><code>int<\/code> (\u6574\u6570)<\/strong>\uff1aPython 3 \u4e2d <code>int<\/code> \u7684\u5927\u5c0f<strong>\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0a\u9650<\/strong>\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u4efb\u610f\u5927\u7684\u6574\u6570\uff08\u4e0d\u518d\u6709 Python 2 \u4e2d\u7684 <code>long<\/code> \u7c7b\u578b\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><code>float<\/code> (\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570)<\/strong>\uff1a\u5e26\u6709\u5c0f\u6570\u70b9\u7684\u6570\u5b57\uff0c\u5e95\u5c42\u662f C \u8bed\u8a00\u7684\u53cc\u7cbe\u5ea6\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><code>complex<\/code> (\u590d\u6570)<\/strong>\uff1a\u7531\u5b9e\u90e8\u548c\u865a\u90e8\u7ec4\u6210\uff0c\u865a\u90e8\u7528 <code>j<\/code> \u6216 <code>J<\/code> \u8868\u793a\uff08\u5982 <code>3 + 4j<\/code>\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong><code>bool<\/code> (\u5e03\u5c14\u503c)<\/strong>\uff1a<code>True<\/code> \u548c <code>False<\/code>\uff08\u6ce8\u610f\u9996\u5b57\u6bcd\u5fc5\u987b\u5927\u5199\uff09\u3002\u5728\u6570\u503c\u8fd0\u7b97\u4e2d\uff0c<code>True<\/code> \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e <code>1<\/code>\uff0c<code>False<\/code> \u7b49\u4ef7\u4e8e <code>0<\/code>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>8<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>11<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">a = 100               # int\nb = 3.14159           # float\nc = 2 + 3j            # complex\nd = True              # bool\n\n# Python 3 \u7684 int \u53ef\u4ee5\u975e\u5e38\u5927\nbig_num = 2 ** 100    \nprint(type(big_num))  # &lt;class &#039;int&#039;&gt;\n\n# \u5e03\u5c14\u503c\u7684\u6570\u503c\u7279\u6027\nprint(True + True)    # \u8f93\u51fa: 2<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. \u5b57\u7b26\u4e32 (String, <code>str<\/code>)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u7531\u5355\u5f15\u53f7 <code>'<\/code>\u3001\u53cc\u5f15\u53f7 <code>\"<\/code> \u6216\u4e09\u5f15\u53f7 <code>'''<\/code> \/ <code>\"\"\"<\/code> \u5305\u88f9\u7684\u5b57\u7b26\u5e8f\u5217\u3002<strong>\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7684<\/strong>\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u6539\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u67d0\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>8<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>13<\/span><span>14<\/span><span>15<\/span><span>16<\/span><span>17<\/span><span>18<\/span><span>19<\/span><span>20<\/span><span>21<\/span><span>22<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">s1 = &#039;Hello&#039;\ns2 = &quot;World&quot;\ns3 = &quot;&quot;&quot;\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\n\u591a\u884c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32&quot;&quot;&quot;\n\n# 1. \u7d22\u5f15\u4e0e\u5207\u7247 (\u7d22\u5f15\u4ece 0 \u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u652f\u6301\u8d1f\u6570\u7d22\u5f15)\ntext = &quot;Python&quot;\nprint(text[0])      # &#039;P&#039;\nprint(text[-1])     # &#039;n&#039; (\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26)\nprint(text[0:4])    # &#039;Pyth&#039; (\u5207\u7247\uff1a\u5305\u542b\u8d77\u59cb\uff0c\u4e0d\u5305\u542b\u7ed3\u675f)\nprint(text[::-1])   # &#039;nohtyP&#039; (\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u53cd\u8f6c)\n\n# 2. \u5e38\u7528\u65b9\u6cd5 (\u8fd4\u56de\u65b0\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u539f\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u4e0d\u53d8)\nprint(text.upper())       # &#039;PYTHON&#039;\nprint(text.replace(&#039;P&#039;, &#039;J&#039;)) # &#039;Jython&#039;\nprint(&quot;a,b,c&quot;.split(&#039;,&#039;))   # [&#039;a&#039;, &#039;b&#039;, &#039;c&#039;] (\u8f6c\u5217\u8868)\nprint(&quot;-&quot;.join([&#039;a&#039;, &#039;b&#039;])) # &#039;a-b&#039; (\u5217\u8868\u8f6c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32)\n\n# 3. f-string \u683c\u5f0f\u5316 (Python 3.6+ \u63a8\u8350)\nname = &quot;Alice&quot;\nage = 25\nprint(f&quot;My name is {name} and I am {age} years old.&quot;)<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. \u5217\u8868 (List, <code>list<\/code>)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5217\u8868\u662f<strong>\u53ef\u53d8<\/strong>\u7684\u6709\u5e8f\u5e8f\u5217\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5305\u542b\u4e0d\u540c\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u5143\u7d20\u3002\u5b83\u662f Python \u4e2d\u6700\u5e38\u7528\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>8<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>13<\/span><span>14<\/span><span>15<\/span><span>16<\/span><span>17<\/span><span>18<\/span><span>19<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">my_list = [1, 2.5, &quot;apple&quot;, True]\n\n# 1. \u589e\nmy_list.append(&quot;banana&quot;)       # \u672b\u5c3e\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\nmy_list.insert(1, &quot;orange&quot;)    # \u5728\u7d22\u5f15 1 \u5904\u63d2\u5165\nmy_list.extend([&quot;grape&quot;, &quot;kiwi&quot;]) # \u672b\u5c3e\u8ffd\u52a0\u591a\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\n\n# 2. \u5220\nmy_list.pop()                  # \u79fb\u9664\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\nmy_list.pop(0)                 # \u79fb\u9664\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u7d22\u5f15 0 \u7684\u5143\u7d20\nmy_list.remove(&quot;apple&quot;)        # \u79fb\u9664\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5339\u914d\u7684\u503c\ndel my_list[1:3]               # \u5220\u9664\u5207\u7247\u8303\u56f4\u7684\u5143\u7d20\n\n# 3. \u6539\nmy_list[0] = &quot;new_value&quot;       # \u76f4\u63a5\u901a\u8fc7\u7d22\u5f15\u4fee\u6539\n\n# 4. \u67e5\nprint(&quot;apple&quot; in my_list)      # \u5224\u65ad\u5143\u7d20\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728 (\u8fd4\u56de True\/False)\nprint(my_list.index(&quot;banana&quot;)) # \u83b7\u53d6\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u7d22\u5f15<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8212; is a good separator &#8212;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. \u5143\u7ec4 (Tuple, <code>tuple<\/code>)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5143\u7ec4\u4e0e\u5217\u8868\u975e\u5e38\u76f8\u4f3c\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u662f<strong>\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8<\/strong>\u7684\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5b58\u50a8\u4e0d\u5e94\u8be5\u88ab\u4fee\u6539\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff08\u5982\u5750\u6807\u3001\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u8bb0\u5f55\uff09\uff0c\u4e14\u4f5c\u4e3a\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u952e\u65f6\u6bd4\u5217\u8868\u66f4\u5b89\u5168\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>8<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>13<\/span><span>14<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\"># \u5b9a\u4e49\u5143\u7ec4\nt1 = (1, 2, 3)\nt2 = &quot;a&quot;, &quot;b&quot;, &quot;c&quot;  # \u62ec\u53f7\u53ef\u4ee5\u7701\u7565\n\n# \u26a0\ufe0f \u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u5b9a\u4e49\u53ea\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u5143\u7ec4\u65f6\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u52a0\u9017\u53f7\uff01\nsingle_tuple = (42,)  # \u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u9017\u53f7\uff0c(42) \u4f1a\u88ab\u5f53\u6210\u6570\u5b66\u8fd0\u7b97\u7684\u62ec\u53f7\n\n# \u5143\u7ec4\u62c6\u5305 (Unpacking) - \u975e\u5e38\u5b9e\u7528\u7684\u7279\u6027\npoint = (10, 20)\nx, y = point\nprint(f&quot;x={x}, y={y}&quot;)  # x=10, y=20\n\n# \u5c1d\u8bd5\u4fee\u6539\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\n# t1[0] = 100  # TypeError: &#039;tuple&#039; object does not support item assignment<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. \u5b57\u5178 (Dictionary, <code>dict<\/code>)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b57\u5178\u662f<strong>\u53ef\u53d8<\/strong>\u7684\u952e\u503c\u5bf9 (Key-Value) \u96c6\u5408\u3002<strong>\u952e (Key) \u5fc5\u987b\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u7c7b\u578b<\/strong>\uff08\u5982\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3001\u6570\u5b57\u3001\u5143\u7ec4\uff09\uff0c\u4e14\u5fc5\u987b\u552f\u4e00\uff1b\u503c (Value) \u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u4efb\u610f\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<br><em>(\u6ce8\uff1a\u4ece Python 3.7 \u5f00\u59cb\uff0c\u5b57\u5178\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4fdd\u6301\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u63d2\u5165\u987a\u5e8f)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>8<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>13<\/span><span>14<\/span><span>15<\/span><span>16<\/span><span>17<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">person = {&quot;name&quot;: &quot;Bob&quot;, &quot;age&quot;: 30, &quot;city&quot;: &quot;New York&quot;}\n\n# 1. \u589e \/ \u6539\nperson[&quot;age&quot;] = 31            # \u4fee\u6539\u5df2\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u952e\nperson[&quot;job&quot;] = &quot;Engineer&quot;    # \u6dfb\u52a0\u65b0\u952e\u503c\u5bf9\n\n# 2. \u5220\ndel person[&quot;city&quot;]            # \u5220\u9664\u6307\u5b9a\u952e\njob = person.pop(&quot;job&quot;)       # \u5220\u9664\u5e76\u8fd4\u56de\u8be5\u952e\u7684\u503c\n\n# 3. \u67e5 (\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528 get\uff0c\u907f\u514d KeyError)\nprint(person[&quot;name&quot;])         # &#039;Bob&#039;\nprint(person.get(&quot;salary&quot;, 0)) # \u5982\u679c &#039;salary&#039; \u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u9ed8\u8ba4\u503c 0\n\n# 4. \u904d\u5386\u5b57\u5178\nfor key, value in person.items():\n    print(f&quot;{key}: {value}&quot;)<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. \u96c6\u5408 (Set, <code>set<\/code>)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u96c6\u5408\u662f<strong>\u53ef\u53d8<\/strong>\u7684\u3001<strong>\u65e0\u5e8f<\/strong>\u7684\u3001\u4e14<strong>\u5143\u7d20\u552f\u4e00<\/strong>\u7684\u96c6\u5408\u3002\u5e95\u5c42\u57fa\u4e8e\u54c8\u5e0c\u8868\u5b9e\u73b0\uff0c\u67e5\u627e\u901f\u5ea6\u6781\u5feb\uff08$O(1)$\uff09\u3002\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e<strong>\u53bb\u91cd<\/strong>\u548c<strong>\u6570\u5b66\u96c6\u5408\u8fd0\u7b97<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>8<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>13<\/span><span>14<\/span><span>15<\/span><span>16<\/span><span>17<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\"># \u5b9a\u4e49\u96c6\u5408 (\u6ce8\u610f\uff1a\u7a7a\u96c6\u5408\u5fc5\u987b\u7528 set()\uff0c{} \u4f1a\u521b\u5efa\u7a7a\u5b57\u5178)\nmy_set = {1, 2, 3, 3, 2}  \nprint(my_set)  # \u8f93\u51fa: {1, 2, 3} (\u81ea\u52a8\u53bb\u91cd)\n\n# 1. \u589e\u5220\nmy_set.add(4)\nmy_set.remove(1)  # \u5982\u679c\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519\nmy_set.discard(5) # \u5982\u679c\u5143\u7d20\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u4f1a\u62a5\u9519 (\u66f4\u5b89\u5168)\n\n# 2. \u96c6\u5408\u8fd0\u7b97\nset_a = {1, 2, 3, 4}\nset_b = {3, 4, 5, 6}\n\nprint(set_a &amp; set_b)  # \u4ea4\u96c6: {3, 4}\nprint(set_a | set_b)  # \u5e76\u96c6: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}\nprint(set_a - set_b)  # \u5dee\u96c6 (\u5728A\u4e2d\u4f46\u4e0d\u5728B\u4e2d): {1, 2}\nprint(set_a ^ set_b)  # \u5bf9\u79f0\u5dee\u96c6 (\u53ea\u5728A\u6216\u53ea\u5728B\u4e2d): {1, 2, 5, 6}<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">7. \u7c7b\u578b\u5224\u65ad\u4e0e\u8f6c\u6362<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7c7b\u578b\u5224\u65ad<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u63a8\u8350\u4f7f\u7528 <code>isinstance()<\/code> \u800c\u4e0d\u662f <code>type()<\/code>\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a <code>isinstance<\/code> \u4f1a\u8003\u8651\u7ee7\u627f\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">x = 10\nprint(type(x) is int)          # True\nprint(isinstance(x, (int, float))) # True (\u68c0\u67e5\u662f\u5426\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5143\u7ec4\u4e2d\u7684\u4efb\u4e00\u7c7b\u578b)<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u7c7b\u578b\u8f6c\u6362<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\">int(&quot;123&quot;)       # 123 (\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f6c\u6574\u6570)\nfloat(&quot;3.14&quot;)    # 3.14 (\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f6c\u6d6e\u70b9\u6570)\nstr(100)         # &quot;100&quot; (\u6570\u5b57\u8f6c\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32)\nlist(&quot;hello&quot;)    # [&#039;h&#039;, &#039;e&#039;, &#039;l&#039;, &#039;l&#039;, &#039;o&#039;] (\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u8f6c\u5217\u8868)\ntuple([1, 2])    # (1, 2) (\u5217\u8868\u8f6c\u5143\u7ec4)\nset([1, 1, 2])   # {1, 2} (\u5217\u8868\u8f6c\u96c6\u5408\uff0c\u987a\u4fbf\u53bb\u91cd)<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udca1 \u6838\u5fc3\u907f\u5751\u6307\u5357\uff1a\u53ef\u53d8 vs \u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5728 Python \u4e2d\uff0c<strong>\u53d8\u91cf\u53ea\u662f\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5f15\u7528\uff08\u6807\u7b7e\uff09<\/strong>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u4e0d\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong>\uff08\u5982 <code>int<\/code>, <code>str<\/code>, <code>tuple<\/code>\uff09\uff1a\u4fee\u6539\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u5b9e\u9645\u4e0a\u662f<strong>\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong>\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u53d8\u91cf\u6307\u5411\u65b0\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61<\/strong>\uff08\u5982 <code>list<\/code>, <code>dict<\/code>, <code>set<\/code>\uff09\uff1a\u4fee\u6539\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u503c\u65f6\uff0c\u662f\u5728<strong>\u539f\u5185\u5b58\u5730\u5740\u4e0a\u76f4\u63a5\u4fee\u6539<\/strong>\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u5e38\u89c1\u9677\u9631\u793a\u4f8b<\/strong>\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"chp-code-block chp-theme-github-dark chp-wrap-on\" data-chp-language=\"plaintext\" data-chp-line-start=\"1\" data-chp-highlight=\"\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar\"><div class=\"chp-toolbar-left\"><span class=\"chp-dots\"><span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span><\/span><span class=\"chp-language-label\">\u7eaf\u6587\u672c<\/span><\/div><div class=\"chp-toolbar-right\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"chp-copy-btn\" aria-label=\"\u590d\u5236\u4ee3\u7801\"><svg class=\"chp-icon-copy\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M16 1H4c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14h2V3h12V1zm3 4H8c-1.1 0-2 .9-2 2v14c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h11c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V7c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 16H8V7h11v14z\"\/><\/svg><svg class=\"chp-icon-check\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\" height=\"14\" aria-hidden=\"true\" style=\"display:none;\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" d=\"M9 16.17L4.83 12l-1.42 1.41L9 19 21 7l-1.41-1.41z\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"chp-copy-text\">\u590d\u5236<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"chp-code-wrapper\"><div class=\"chp-line-numbers\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span>1<\/span><span>2<\/span><span>3<\/span><span>4<\/span><span>5<\/span><span>6<\/span><span>7<\/span><span>8<\/span><span>9<\/span><span>10<\/span><span>11<\/span><span>12<\/span><span>13<\/span><span>14<\/span><span>15<\/span><span>16<\/span><span>17<\/span><span>18<\/span><span>19<\/span><span>20<\/span><span>21<\/span><span>22<\/span><span>23<\/span><span>24<\/span><span>25<\/span><\/div><pre class=\"chp-pre\" style=\"font-size:14px;\"><code class=\"language-plaintext\"># \u9677\u9631 1\uff1a\u5217\u8868\u7684\u6d45\u62f7\u8d1d\u4e0e\u5f15\u7528\na = [1, 2, 3]\nb = a          # b \u548c a \u6307\u5411\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u8868\u5bf9\u8c61\nb.append(4)\nprint(a)       # \u8f93\u51fa: [1, 2, 3, 4] (a \u4e5f\u88ab\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\uff01)\n\n# \u6b63\u786e\u505a\u6cd5\uff1a\u4f7f\u7528\u5207\u7247\u6216 copy \u65b9\u6cd5\u8fdb\u884c\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u62f7\u8d1d\nc = a[:]       # \u6216 c = a.copy()\nc.append(5)\nprint(a)       # \u8f93\u51fa: [1, 2, 3, 4] (a \u4e0d\u53d7\u5f71\u54cd)\n\n# \u9677\u9631 2\uff1a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u4f7f\u7528\u53ef\u53d8\u5bf9\u8c61\ndef add_item(item, target_list=[]): # \u26a0\ufe0f \u5371\u9669\uff01\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u5728\u51fd\u6570\u5b9a\u4e49\u65f6\u53ea\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e00\u6b21\n    target_list.append(item)\n    return target_list\n\nprint(add_item(1))  # [1]\nprint(add_item(2))  # [1, 2] (\u4e0d\u662f\u9884\u671f\u7684 [2]\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u590d\u7528\u4e86\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u5217\u8868)\n\n# \u6b63\u786e\u505a\u6cd5\uff1a\u9ed8\u8ba4\u53c2\u6570\u8bbe\u4e3a None\ndef add_item_safe(item, target_list=None):\n    if target_list is None:\n        target_list = []\n    target_list.append(item)\n    return target_list<\/code><\/pre><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5982\u679c\u4f60\u5bf9\u67d0\u79cd\u7279\u5b9a\u7c7b\u578b\uff08\u6bd4\u5982\u5217\u8868\u63a8\u5bfc\u5f0f\u3001\u5b57\u5178\u7684\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7528\u6cd5\uff09\u6709\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6b22\u8fce\u968f\u65f6\u63d0\u95ee\uff01<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5728 Python 3 \u4e2d\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u662f\u7f16\u7a0b\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u3002Python&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-python-3-"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":39,"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38\/revisions\/39"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.52runoob.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}